Styles of referencing
There are various standard methods used for citing the source of work.These methods are called as referencing styles or citation styles. A referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way. Various referencing styles differ in terms of formatting, use of punctuation and the order of information; such differences occur at both the levels of referencing i.e. in-text citation, and reference list. Which citation style is to use in your document often depends on the discipline you are writing for. Moreover, the publishers or the academic institutions decide their citing styles.
There are several different styles of referencing explained below:
- Harvard Referencing Style
- Vancouver Referencing Style
- APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
- MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing Style
- Chicago/Turabian Referencing Style
- ACS (American Chemical Society)
- AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
- AMA (American Medical Association)
- ACE/CBE (Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors)
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
1. Harvard Referencing Style
Harvard referencing style (also known as author-date style) is a generic description for any referencing style that uses in-text citations with an author and date. There is no official manual of the Harvard style: it is just a generic term for the many styles which follow that format. This style is most commonly used in U.K and Australia.
Important features:
- It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
- A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets; thus it is also called as author-date based referencing style.
- It is used in various subjects of humanities
- It uses parenthetical system thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author name> <publication year>, <page number/s>)
- In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and year of publication are not separated by a comma (,). For example: (Kumar 2003)
- A comma (,) is put after the publication year if a page number is mentioned after (Kumar 2003, p 40)
- It is also allowed to write the author’s name out of the For example: Kumar (2003, p 40) observes ……….
- Punctuation marks such as comma or full stop are used after the citation and not before them.
- In the in-text citation only the surname of an author is used; if there are more than one author with identical surname then the first names or the initials of first names are also mentioned.
- In the reference list, the name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; no full stop is put after the initials. For Example:Pradeep Kumar is written as Kumar P , Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH
- If there are more than one author of a publication mention their names exactly in the same sequence as they are presented in the publication.
- In the in-text citation only the surnames of the two authors will be used separated by ‘&’. It will look like this:
(<author #1 surname> & <author #2 surname> <Publication Year>)Example: (Alvi & Zaidi 2009)
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- No reference carries hanging indent.Author’s name and the year are not separated by a comma or a full-stop.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- There is a use of double line spacing between each entry.
- The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first significant word of the title (if the reference has begun with it in case of the absence of author’s name).
- If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then arranged alphabetically by the subsequent author/s name.
- If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then chronologically by publication year.
- If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year.
- If a title or a corporate author has been used instead of author’s name, the reference is listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.
- If the first word of a reference is a numeric digit and not an alphabet, the reference is listed before the references having alphabetical start.
- Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
- Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are enclosed in single quotation marks without being italicized.
- Page number is required to mention only when a part of work (such as article from a journal or newspaper, a chapter from an edited book ) is used; if the whole work is considered here is no need to mention the page number.
- If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation p. is used, and if there are multiple pages pp. is used.
- If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in the hunt of knowledge but are not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography” on a separate page
2. Vancouver Referencing Style
Vancouver is a generic term for a style of referencing widely used in the health sciences, using a numbered reference list. A meeting of medical journal editors, held in Vancouver became the basis of its emergence in 1978. This meeting actually formed Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (URMs); the referencing style is a part of it.
There is no official manual of the Vancouver style, but the US National Library of Medicine’s style guide is now considered the most authoritative manual on this type of referencing.
Important Features:
- It uses the note system of referencing.
- Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page.
- This citation style is mostly used by scientific and biomedical journals.
- Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
- If you cite the same source again in your document use the same number that you have used previously for the source in your work.Name of author may also be used in your text but it must follow a number.
Thomson (5) described in his work…….
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- The list is arranged in the same order as the references are used in your work
- Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text
(8) Thomson KR…………
(9) Adam L……………..
- Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
- Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in any quotation marks.
- If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in the hunt of knowledge but are not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography” on a separate page.
- The name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; no full stop is put after the initials.
For example:
Rajendra Kumar is written as Kumar R
Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH
- APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
This is the standard style used in Psychology, but it is also widely used in other disciplines, especially in the Social Sciences. It is an author-date style; one of the many variants of the Harvard style. This style of referencing came forth in 1929 in the form of “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association”.With the passage of time the manual kept on having revisions and edition. So far 6 editions of the manual have been published. The latest edition came to the publication in 2009. APA Referencing is very similar to that of Harvard Referencing Style.. Where Harvard is most commonly used in U.K. and Australia, APA is more popular in USA. Although there does not exist much variation in the formatting, however, before using a particular guide there is a need to take caution what style your institution demands. The guide in the following section has been adopted from APA 6th edition Library guide for the University of Sydney. APA style throughout the text requires the double line spacing, worthy to mention it is required also for the reference section.
Important Features:
- It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
- A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets; thus it is also called as author-date based referencing style.
- It is mostly used in the various fields of social sciences.
- It is also used in some other fields such as business, education and nursing.
- It uses parenthetical system thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author name>, <publication year>, <page number/s>)
- In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and year of publication are separated by a comma (,). For example: (Ghaznavi, 2003)
- However, if there are more than one authors with the same family name, their initials are recommended to use in the in-text citation to avoid the confusion.
- A comma (,) is put after the publication year if a page number is mentioned after (Ghaznavi, 2003, p 40)
- It is also allowed to write the author’s name out of the For example: Ghaznavi (2003, p 40) observes ………..
- Punctuation marks such as comma or full stop are used after the citation and not before them.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- There is a use of double line spacing between each entry
- Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
- Author’s name and the year are separated by a comma.
- Year of publication is put in parenthesis.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first significant word of the title (if the reference has begun with it in case of the absence of author’s name).
- If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then arranged alphabetically by the subsequent author/s name.
- If there are sources whose authors’ surnames are same but the initials are different, , the references are listed first by the first author’s surname and then by chronologically by the initials of first name.
- If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then chronologically by publication
- If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year.
- If a title or a corporate author has been used instead of author’s name, the reference is listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.
- If the first word of a reference is a numeric digit and not an alphabet, the reference is listed before the references having alphabetical start.
- Page number is required to mention only when a part of work (such as article from a journal or newspaper, a chapter from an edited book ) is used; if the whole work is considered here is no need to mention the page number.
- If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation p. is used, and if there are multiple
- pages pp. is used.
- Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
- Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are enclosed in double quotation marks without being italicized.
- If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in the hunt of knowledge but are not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography” on a separate page.
- The name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; comma is put after surname and a full stop is put after each initial.
For example
Rajendra Kumar is written as Kumar, R.
Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi, M. H
4. MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing Style
The MLA style is widely used in the fields of modern literature and linguistics. The MLA style was updated in 2016 by the Modern Language Association. Works are cited in the text with brief parenthetical citations keyed to the list of works cited. This referencing style is a product of Modern Language Association of America which was founded in 1883. With the passage of time the manual and the handbook kept on having revision and publication of new editions; so far the “MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing” has got the publication of 3rd edition, while “MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers” has reached to have publication of 8th edition. The latest editions i.e. the 3rd edition of “MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing” and 8th of “MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers” have been published in 2008 and 2016 respectively.
MLA (Modern Language Association of America) Referencing style has its publication in two different documents: MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing and MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Both of the documents keep similar information and formatting. Before describing the reference style, I must mention you may encounter with minor variation in the information when obtaining it from other sources. Following guideline of MLA referencing style is prepared using the 3rd edition of “MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing” provided by University of Queensland in 2008 and University College Dublin (UCD) Library in 2011.
Important Features:
- It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
- A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and the page number of the source surrounded by round brackets is provided.
- This referencing style is used by various subjects of linguistics and literature.
- It uses parenthetical system the name of author and the page number of the source thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author surname> <page number/s>)
- In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and page number are not separated by a comma (,). For example: (Kumar 23)
- If page number is not available write only the name of author.
- It is also allowed to write the author’s name out of the For example: Kumar observes ……….. (40).
- If two references following each other belong to the same source, omit the name of author and only write the page number in the later For example: it is very important to have change (Kumar 40). Many changes in the history have been brought about by revolution (43)
- If more than one work by the same author is used, also include a shortened version of title.
- Punctuation marks such as comma or full stop are used after the citation and not before them.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘Works Cited’ is given to the list.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first significant word of the title (if the reference has begun with it in case of the absence of author’s name).If various sources of same authors are used, the references are alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then by title.
- Either to write the complete first names of author or to use only the initials of first names depends on how they are provided on the title page of the source. Use the thing whatever is provided by the source.
- Titles that belong to independently published work such as a book, journal are italicized.
- Titles that are a piece of some larger work (such as journal articles, essays, individual stories or poems, chapters of books, pages in web sites) are enclosed in double quotation mark.
- Titles of unpublished sources are also enclosed in double quotation mark.How to Write the Name of an Author?In the in-text citation only the surname of an author is used; if there are more than one author with identical surname then the first names or the initials of first names are also mentioned.
- In the reference list, the name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards first name/s or the initials of the first name/s are written; A comma (,) is put right after the last name of author and a full stop is put after the initials.
- For example
Pradeep Kumar is written as Kumar, Pradeep or Kumar, P.
- Either to write the complete first names of author or to use only the initials of first names depends on how they are provided on the title page of the source. Use the thing whatever is provided by the source.
- An important thing to keep in mind is: the above method of writing name of author goes only for the first mentioned author in a particular reference; if a reference contains more than one authors, the names of authors other than the first one are written the same way as they are i.e. the first names first and the last name afterwards
5. Chicago/Turabian Referencing Style
The Chicago Manual of Style is the most widely consulted of all style manuals. It includes provisions for footnote referencing and author-date referencing.The Chicago Manual’s footnote referencing system is widely used in the arts and humanities. This style has been originated by the University of Chicago more than a hundred years ago. The first version of Chicago Manual of Style was published in 1981. With the passage of time the manual kept on having revision and publication of new editions; so far the manual has had 16 editions. The latest edition i.e. the 16th has been published in 2010.
Important Features:
- It uses the note system of referencing.
- A reference is first given in the form of footnotes preceded by a numeric digit and then it is provided again at the end of the document in the form of reference list/ bibliography.
- In the footnote various pieces of information such as author name, title, publication date etc. are separated from each other by a comma; in the reference list the pieces of information are separated by a full stop.
- This referencing style is used by various subjects of arts and humanitie
- A number to each reference is given in the superscript without any parenthesis.
- Numbers to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
- The reference of the source is provided in the footnote preceded by the numeric digit mentioned in your text followed by a full stop (.)
- There may exist a variation in the amount of information in each footnote.
- When the source is cited for the first time, complete information of it is to be mentioned
- <author’s first name> <author’s last name>, <title> (<place of publication>:
<publisher>, <year>), <page nos.>.
- If you cite the same source again in your document use a new number for it that comes in the
- If the same source is cited for the second or more time, the foot note appears like this:
- <author’s last name>, <title>, <pg. nos.>.
- In the subsequent footnote the title may also be reduced if it carries more than 5 words. For example the title ‘The Order of the Hospital of John of Jerusalem’ may be reduced this way: ‘The Order, of Jerusalem’; notify in the shortened version of the title, a comma is to be put in place of the left words.
- If the two or more footnotes following each other are exactly identical except the page numbers the word “Ibid” may be used instead of the reduced information.
Ibid, <page nos.>
(Note: Ibid. is the abbreviation of “Ibidem” which means “in the same place”)
- If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in the hunt of knowledge but are not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography” on a separate page.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented,
- No entry is followed by the numeric digit used for it in the text.
- The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first word mentioned in the reference.
- If a title or a corporate author has been used instead of author’s name, the reference is listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.
6. ACS (American Chemical Society)
ACS Referencing style is a product of American Chemical Society (ACS) which is published in the form of ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information of which the latest edition is the 3rd which has come forth in 2006.
Important Features:
- It allows the use of both the system of referencing i.e. the parenthetical system, and the note system.
- Using parenthetical system a brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets.
- Using note system, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit.
- This referencing style is commonly used for Chemistry.
- author is used; author’s name and year of publication are separated by a comma (,). For example: (Ghaznavi, 2003)
- It is also allowed to write the author’s name out of the For example: Ghaznavi (2003) observes ………..
- If a source carries two authors separate the surnames of the two authors by “and”. For example: (Ghaznavi and Alvi, 2003)
- If a source carries three or more authors write only the surname of first author followed by “et al.”. For example: (Ghaznavi et al., 2003)
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- Author’s names are written the way: first the surname is written followed by a comma and then the initials of the first names each of which is followed by a full For example: Ghaznavi, K., Alvi, M. H. If a source carries more than one author write the names of all the authors each separated from one another by a semi colon (;). For example: Ghaznavi, K.; Alvi, M. H; Siddiqui, D.; Zaidi, R.
- In case of multiple authors, list the author names in the same sequence as they are presented in the source.
- List up to 10 authors; if there are more than 10 authors write the names of first 10 followed by a semi colon (;) and “et al.”. for example: …………..; Zaidi, R.; et al.
- Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
- Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in single quotation.
- For publications other than ACS Journals, all the major words of all kinds of titles are capitalized; ACS Journals recommend following the capitalization presented in the source
- If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation “p” is used, and if there are multiple pages “pp” is used.
- Range of pages is presented this way: 11-14, 21-28; there is no spacing before or after the hyphen.
- The information of pagination may also be indicated by ‘f’ or ‘ff’ notation which means “and the following pages”.
- For reference of a book, various bits of information are ordered as follows:
oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article or chapter oTitle of source. oEdition. oName of publisher. oPlace of publication. oYear of publication. oPage numbers
For reference of a periodical, various bits of information are ordered as follows:oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article. oAbbreviated title of Periodical. oYear of publication. oVolume number (issue number). oPage numbers
7. AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation) Referencing Style is a product of Melbourne University Law Review association which is published in the form of Australian Guide to Legal Citation.The guide was first published in 1998.
The second edition of the guide was published in 2002 while the third came forward in 2010 as result of collaborative meeting of Melbourne University Law Review association and the Melbourne Journal of International Law.
Important Features:
- It uses the note system of referencing.
- In-text citation is done with a numeric digit then the reference is provided in the form of footnote at the end of each page.
- It is used in the subject of Law
- A number to each reference is given in the superscript without any parenthesis which is positioned after the relevant punctuation mark such as full stop, comma Whatever information is provided.
- Numbers to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
- If you cite the same source again in your document designate it a new number.
- If you have supported your argument by more than one source, all the sources are cited with only one numeric digit
- Name of the author is written the same way as it is i.e. first name first and surname last.
- If there are more than three authors, name of only first author is written followed by et al.
8. AMA (American Medical Association)
AMA (American Medical Association) Referencing style is published in the form of American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors which is a product of American Medical Association.
Important Features:
- The first edition of the manual came forth in 1962.
- With the passage of time it kept on having revisions; so far 10 editions have been published.
- The latest edition came to the publication in 2007 by Oxford University Press.
- The authors of the manual are the editors of Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the Archives journals
- It uses the note system of referencing.
- Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page.
- This citation style is used in the fields of medicine and science.
- A number to each reference is given in the superscript without any parenthesis which is positioned right after the relevant punctuation mark such as full stop, comma etc.
- Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
- If you cite the same source again in your document use the same number that you have used previously for the source in your work.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed on the left margin and in bold font.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- The list is arranged in the same order as the references appear in your work.
- Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text
- Richard BR…………
- Adam L……………..
- Name of author is written this way: surname is written first followed by the initials of first names; no full stop is put after the initials.
Richard BR
- For a source having 1 to 6 authors write the name of all the authors.
- If there are more than 6 authors of a source write only the names of first 3 authors followed by “et al”.
- Names of authors are separated by a comma.
- The titles of periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers) are written in abbreviated form.
- In case of absence of author, the reference starts with the title of the source.
- Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
- Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in any quotation marks.
- For titles of books, book chapters, journal articles or newspaper articles capitalization is done only for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
- For titles of journals capitalization is done for all the significant words. Various bits of information are ordered as follows:
oAuthor’s name.
oTitle of article or chapter
oTitle of source.
oPlace of publication. (for non-periodicals only)
oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)
oYear of publication.
oEdition (for non-periodicals only) or volume number and issue number (for periodicals only).
oPage numbers
oURL or DOI
9. CSE/CBE (Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors)
The CSE (Council of Science Editors) Referencing style is published in the form of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers which is a product of the Council of Science Editors. The CSE (Council of Science Editors) began its journey as Conference of Biology Editors in 1957 which was meant at the subject of biology.
Funded by National Science Foundation and organized by American Institute of Biological Sciences, the Conference eight years later in 1965 incorporated other disciplines in it and turned to Council of Biology Editors (CBE). Later in 2000, the name turned to Council of Science Editors reflecting its vast scope towards various disciplines of science.The CBE published its first referencing manual in 1960 with name: Style Manual for Biology Journals.
With the passage of time, the manual kept on having revisions and reached its modern face with name of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers of which eighth edition has been published in 2014.
Important Features:
- It allows the use of both the system of referencing i.e. the parenthetical system, and the note system.
- Using parenthetical system a brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets.
- Using note system, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit.
- There are two methods of assigning a number to each reference:
oA number first assigned to each reference with respect to its appearance in the document and then listing up the detailed references accordingly; it is called as “Citation Sequence” method.
oDetailed references are listed first alphabetically with respect to the first author’s surname then a number to each entry is assigned which is finally mentioned in the text as a superscript number; it is called as “Citation-Name” method.
- It is used in the fields of mathematics, statistics, biological sciences, chemistry, physics,genetics, and astronomy.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ or ‘Cited References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- The name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; no full stop is put after the initials. For example: Khalid Ghaznavi is written as Ghaznavi K, Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- Author’s name and the year are separated by a full-stop.
- If a source is written by more than one author, write the names of all the authors up to 10; if the number of authors is above 10 write the names of first 10 followed by ‘et al.
- In case of multiple authors, their names are separated from each other by a comma (,). For example: Ghaznavi K, Alvi MH, Siddiqui D, ………..
- If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then arranged alphabetically by the subsequent author/s name.
- If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then chronologically by publication year.
- If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year
- For titles of books, book chapters, journal articles or newspaper articles capitalization is done only for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
- For titles of journals capitalization is done for all the significant words.
- No title is italicized or enclosed in quotation mark.
- Titles of journals are used in abbreviated form.
- In case of corporate author, the name of corporate body is written completely preceded by its abbreviation enclosed in square For example: [APWA] All Pakistan Women Association; the reference comes in the list with respect to the first word of the corporate body not according to the abbreviation.
- If place of publication is not known, in place of it write ‘[place unknown]’
- Page number is required to mention only when a part of work (such as article from a journal or newspaper, a chapter from an edited book ) is used; if the whole work is considered here is no need to mention the page number.
- For reference to both a single page and a range of pages an abbreviation ‘p.’ is used.
- The references of the two systems differ in the use of punctuation and order of information.
- Using parenthetical system, the list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first significant word of the title (if the reference has begun with it in case of the absence of author’s name).
- In parenthetical citation system, various bits of information are ordered as follows:
oAuthor’s name.
oYear of publication.
oTitle of article or chapter
oTitle of source.
oEdition (for non-periodicals only) or volume number and issue number. (for periodicals only)
Place of publication. (for non-periodicals only)
oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)
oPage numbers
oURL or DOI
- Using Note System of referencing, each reference begins with a numeric digit followed cby full stop and space.
<Numeric digit>. <Reference>
- In this citation method, various bits of information are ordered as follows:
oAuthor’s name.
oTitle of article or chapter
oTitle of source.
oEdition (for non-periodicals only) or volume number and issue number (for periodicals).
oPlace of publication (for non-periodicals only).
oName of publisher (for non-periodicals only).
oYear of publication.
oPage numbers
oURL or DOI
- Using Citation sequence method, the list is arranged with respect to the first appearance of source in your document.
- Using Citation Name method, the list is arranged with respect to the author’s name of the source
10. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Referencing style is an extensively acknowledged format of citation in technical fields.It is published in the form of IEEE Style Manual.
Important Features:
- It uses the note system of referencing.
- Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page
- This citation style is used in the fields of engineering of electric, electronics, and information technology and computer science.
- A number to each reference is given in square brackets without being in superscript.
- The number is positioned either within the sentence or before the relevant punctuation mark such as full stop, comma etc.
- Space of a single letter precedes the opening square bracket.
- Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
- If you cite the same source again in your document use the same number that you have used previously for the source in your work.
- If you have supported your argument by more than one source, you need to mention each in your in-text citation in the form of numeric digit each enclosed in square brackets and separated by a comma (,).
- Use the abbreviation ‘p.’ for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages, ‘Sec.’ for a section, and ‘Ch.’ for a chapter.
- Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
- The title ‘References’ is given to the list, can be either placed on the left margin or in the center with bold font at the top of the page.
- Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
- Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
- The list is arranged in the same order as the references appear in your work (not in alphabetical order).
- Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
- Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text.The number is enclosed in square brackets
[8] B. R. Richard …………
[9] L. Adam……………..
- Name of author is written this way: first the initials of first names are written, each followed by a period; then the surname is written completely. B. R. Richard
- The title of an article is enclosed in double quotation marks.
- The title of a book or Journal is written with italic letters.
- In titles of articles or chapters capitalization is only done for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
- In titles of books and journals all the major words are capitalized.
- Various bits of information are ordered as follows:
oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article or chapter oTitle of source. oEdition (for non-periodicals only) or volume number and issue number (for periodicals). oPlace of publication. (for non-periodicals only) oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)oYear of publication. oPage numbersoURL or DOI.
- While referencing a journal article, page numbers come before the year of publication.
The system used by various types of referencing styles can broadly be categorized into two types: documentary-note system, and parenthetical system.
i.Documentary-note system refers to the use of chronological numbers as in-text markers to either footnotes or endnotes or both; footnotes are included at the end of each page, and endnotes are listed on a separate page at the end of the document; in text citation is done with a numeric digit usually placed after the full stop; detailed references in endnotes or reference list may or may not be indicated by numeric digit depending on the particular referencing style.
ii.Parenthetical system refers to the use of brief author and date (or page number as in MLA format) description as in-text citation surrounded by parenthesis (round brackets) and then the detailed reference is provided as a separate list at the end of the document.