Research Aptitude Free Study Material (UGC NET Updated Notes 2020)

Styles of referencing

There are various standard methods used for citing the source of work.These methods are called as referencing styles or citation styles. A referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way. Various referencing styles differ in terms of formatting, use of punctuation and the order  of  information;  such  differences  occur  at  both  the  levels  of  referencing  i.e.  in-text  citation, and reference list. Which citation style  is to  use in your  document  often depends on the  discipline you are writing for. Moreover, the publishers or the academic institutions decide their citing styles.

There are several different styles of referencing explained below:

1. Harvard Referencing Style
2. Vancouver Referencing Style
3. APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style
4. MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing Style
5. Chicago/Turabian Referencing Style
6. ACS (American Chemical Society)
7. AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
8. AMA (American Medical Association)
9. ACE/CBE (Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors)
10. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

1. Harvard Referencing Style

Harvard referencing style (also known as author-date style) is a generic description for any referencing style that uses in-text citations with an author and date. There is no official manual of the Harvard style: it is just a generic term for the many styles which follow that format. This style is most commonly used in U.K and Australia.

Important features: 

• It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
• A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets; thus it is also called as author-date based referencing style.
• It is used in various subjects of humanities
• It uses parenthetical system thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author name> <publication year>, <page number/s>)
• In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and year of publication are not separated by a comma (,). For example: (Kumar 2003)
• A comma  (,) is  put  after  the  publication  year  if  a  page  number  is  mentioned  after  (Kumar 2003, p 40)
• It is also allowed to write the author’s name out  of the    For  example: Kumar (2003, p 40) observes ……….
• Punctuation marks such as comma or  full stop are used  after  the citation and not  before them.
• In the in-text  citation only  the surname of  an author is  used; if  there  are more  than one author with  identical  surname then  the first  names  or the  initials of first  names are  also mentioned.
• In the reference list, the name of an author is  written  in a  way:  last name  is  written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; no full stop is put after the initials. For Example:Pradeep Kumar  is written as Kumar P , Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH
• If there  are  more  than  one  author of  a  publication mention  their  names exactly  in the same sequence as they are presented in the publication.
• In  the  in-text citation  only the  surnames  of  the  two  authors  will  be  used separated  by ‘&’. It will look like this:

(<author #1 surname> & <author #2 surname> <Publication Year>)Example: (Alvi & Zaidi 2009)

• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• No reference carries hanging indent.Author’s name and the year are not separated by a comma or a full-stop.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• There is a use of double line spacing between each entry.
• The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first  significant  word  of  the  title  (if  the  reference  has  begun  with  it in  case  of  the absence of author’s name).
• If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are listed first  by the  first author’s  name then  arranged alphabetically  by the subsequent author/s name.
• If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then chronologically by publication year.
• If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year.
• If a title  or  a  corporate author  has been  used instead  of  author’s  name,  the reference  is listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.
• If the  first  word  of  a  reference  is  a  numeric  digit  and  not an  alphabet,  the  reference  is listed before the references having alphabetical start.
• Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
• Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are enclosed in single quotation marks without being italicized.
• Page number  is  required  to  mention  only  when  a part  of  work  (such  as  article  from  a journal or  newspaper, a  chapter from  an  edited book  ) is  used; if  the whole  work  is considered here is no need to mention the page number.
• If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation p. is used, and if there are  multiple pages pp. is used.
• If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in  the hunt  of  knowledge  but are not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography” on a separate page

2. Vancouver Referencing Style

Vancouver is a generic term for a style of referencing widely used in the health sciences, using a numbered reference list. A  meeting  of  medical  journal  editors,  held  in  Vancouver  became  the  basis  of  its emergence in 1978. This  meeting  actually  formed Uniform  Requirements  for  Manuscripts  Submitted  to  Biomedical Journals (URMs); the referencing style is a part of it.

There is no official manual of the Vancouver style, but the US National Library of Medicine’s style guide is now considered the most authoritative manual on this type of referencing.

Important Features:

• It uses the note system of referencing.
• Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page.
• This citation style is mostly used by scientific and biomedical journals.
• Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
• If you cite the same source  again in your document  use  the same number that  you  have  used previously for the source in your work.Name of author may also be used in your text but it must follow a number.

Thomson (5) described in his work…….

• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• The list is arranged in the same order as the references are used in your work
• Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text

(8) Thomson KR…………

(9) Adam L……………..

• Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
• Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in any quotation marks.
• If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in  the hunt  of  knowledge  but are  not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography”  on a separate page.
• The name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the  first name/s are written; no full stop is put after the initials.

For example:

Rajendra Kumar is written as Kumar R

Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH

3. APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style

This is the standard style used in Psychology, but it is also widely used in other disciplines, especially in the Social Sciences. It is an author-date style; one of the many variants of the Harvard style. This style  of  referencing came  forth in 1929  in the  form  of “Publication  Manual of the American Psychological Association”.With  the  passage  of  time  the  manual  kept  on  having  revisions  and  edition.  So  far  6  editions of the manual have been published. The latest edition came to the publication in 2009. APA  Referencing  is  very  similar to that of Harvard Referencing Style.. Where Harvard is  most commonly used  in U.K. and  Australia,  APA is  more  popular in USA. Although there does not exist much variation in the  formatting,  however, before  using  a  particular guide there is a need to take caution what style your institution demands. The guide in the following section has been adopted from APA 6th edition Library guide  for the University of Sydney.   APA style  throughout the  text requires  the double  line spacing,  worthy to  mention it  is  required also for the reference section.

Important Features:

• It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
• A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and year of publication is given in round brackets; thus it is also called as author-date based referencing style.
• It is mostly used in the various fields of social sciences.
• It is also used in some other fields such as business, education and nursing.
• It uses parenthetical system thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author name>, <publication year>, <page number/s>)
• In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and year of publication are separated by a comma (,). For example: (Ghaznavi, 2003)
• However, if there are more than one authors with the same family name, their initials are recommended to use in the in-text citation to avoid the confusion.
• A comma  (,) is  put  after  the  publication  year  if  a  page  number  is  mentioned  after  (Ghaznavi, 2003, p 40)
• It is also allowed to write the author’s name out  of the    For  example: Ghaznavi (2003, p 40) observes ………..
• Punctuation marks such as comma or  full stop are used  after  the citation and not  before them.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• There is a use of double line spacing between each entry
• Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
• Author’s name and the year are separated by a comma.
• Year of publication is put in parenthesis.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the  first  significant  word  of  the  title  (if  the  reference  has  begun  with  it in  case  of  the  absence of author’s name).
• If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are  listed first  by the  first author’s  name then  arranged alphabetically  by the  subsequent author/s name.
• If there are  sources  whose authors’ surnames are same but the initials are different, , the  references are listed first by the first author’s surname and then by chronologically by the  initials of first name.
• If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are  listed first  by  the first  author’s name  then  chronologically by  publication
• If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year.
• If a title  or  a  corporate author  has been  used instead  of  author’s  name,  the reference  is  listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.
• If the  first  word  of  a  reference  is  a  numeric  digit  and  not an  alphabet,  the  reference  is  listed before the references having alphabetical start.
• Page number  is  required  to  mention  only  when  a part  of  work  (such  as  article  from  a  journal or  newspaper, a  chapter from  an  edited book  ) is  used; if  the whole  work  is  considered here is no need to mention the page number.
• If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation p. is used, and if there are  multiple
• pages pp. is used.
• Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
• Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are enclosed in double quotation marks without being italicized.
• If you want to mention sources that have been utilized in  the hunt  of  knowledge  but are  not cited in your document, they can be mentioned under the heading of “Bibliography”  on a separate page.
• The name of an author is written in a way: last name is written first and afterwards initials of the first name/s are written; comma is put after surname and a full stop is put after each initial.

For example

Rajendra Kumar is written as Kumar, R.

Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi, M. H

4. MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing Style

The MLA style is widely used in the fields of modern literature and linguistics. The MLA style was updated in 2016 by the Modern Language Association. Works are cited in the text with brief parenthetical citations keyed to the list of works cited. This referencing  style is  a product  of Modern  Language Association  of  America  which  was founded in 1883. With  the  passage  of  time  the  manual  and  the  handbook  kept  on  having  revision  and publication  of  new  editions;  so  far  the “MLA  Style  Manual  and  Guide  to  Scholarly Publishing” has  got the publication of 3rd edition, while “MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers” has reached to have publication of 8th edition. The  latest  editions i.e.  the  3rd  edition  of  “MLA  Style  Manual  and  Guide  to  Scholarly Publishing”  and  8th  of  “MLA  Handbook  for  Writers  of  Research  Papers”  have  been published in 2008 and 2016 respectively.

MLA (Modern  Language Association  of  America) Referencing  style has  its publication  in two different documents: MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing and MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Both of the documents keep similar information and formatting. Before  describing  the  reference  style,  I  must  mention  you  may  encounter  with  minor  variation in the information when obtaining it from other sources. Following guideline of MLA referencing style is prepared using the 3rd edition of “MLA  Style Manual  and  Guide  to Scholarly Publishing” provided by University of Queensland  in 2008 and University College Dublin (UCD) Library in 2011.

Important Features:

• It uses the parenthetical system of referencing.
• A brief in-text reference containing the name of author and the page number of the source surrounded by round brackets is provided.
• This referencing style is used by various subjects of linguistics and literature.
• It uses parenthetical system the name  of author and the  page number of  the  source thus the reference in the text appears like this: (<author surname> <page number/s>)
• In in-text citation only the last name (surname) of the author is used; author’s name and page number are not separated by a comma (,). For example: (Kumar 23)
• If page number is not available write only the name of author.
• It is also allowed to write the author’s name out  of the    For  example: Kumar observes ……….. (40).
• If two  references  following  each  other  belong  to  the  same  source,  omit  the  name  of author  and  only  write  the  page  number  in  the  later    For  example:  it  is  very important  to  have  change  (Kumar  40).  Many  changes  in  the  history  have  been brought about by revolution (43)
• If more than  one work  by  the same  author  is  used,  also include  a  shortened version  of title.
• Punctuation marks such as comma or  full stop are used  after  the citation and not  before them.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘Works Cited’ is given to the list.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first author’s surname or the first  significant  word  of  the  title  (if  the  reference  has  begun  with  it in  case  of  the absence of author’s name).If various sources  of same authors are  used, the references are  alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then by title.
• Either to write the complete first names of author or to use only the initials of first names depends on how they are provided on the title page of the source. Use the thing whatever is provided by the source.
• Titles that  belong  to  independently  published  work  such  as  a  book,  journal    are italicized.
• Titles that  are  a  piece  of  some  larger  work (such  as  journal  articles, essays,  individual stories or poems, chapters of books, pages in web sites) are enclosed in double quotation mark.
• Titles of unpublished sources are also enclosed in double quotation mark.How to Write the Name of an Author?In the in-text  citation only  the surname of  an author is  used; if  there  are more  than one author with  identical  surname then  the first  names  or the  initials of first  names are  also mentioned.
• In the reference list, the name of an author is  written  in a  way:  last name  is  written first and afterwards first name/s or the initials of the first name/s are  written;  A  comma  (,) is put right after the last name of author and a full stop is put after the initials.
• For example

Pradeep Kumar is written as Kumar, Pradeep or Kumar, P.

• Either to write the complete first names of author or to use only the initials of first names depends on how they are provided on the title page of the source. Use the thing whatever is provided by the source.
• An important thing to keep in mind is: the above method of writing name of author goes only for the first mentioned author in a particular reference; if a reference contains more than one authors, the names of authors other than the first one are written  the  same  way as they are i.e. the first names first and the last name afterwards

5. Chicago/Turabian Referencing Style

The Chicago Manual of Style is the most widely consulted of all style manuals. It includes provisions for footnote referencing and author-date referencing.The Chicago Manual’s footnote referencing system is widely used in the arts and humanities. This style has been originated by the University of Chicago more than a hundred years ago. The first version of Chicago Manual of Style was published in 1981.  With the passage of time the manual kept on having revision and publication of new editions;  so far the manual has had 16 editions. The latest edition i.e. the 16th has been published in 2010.

Important Features:

• It uses the note system of referencing.
• A reference is first given in the form of footnotes preceded by a numeric digit  and then it is  provided again at the end of the document in the form of reference list/ bibliography.
• In the  footnote  various  pieces  of  information  such  as  author  name,  title,  publication  date etc. are separated from each other by a comma; in the reference list the pieces of  information are separated by a full stop.
• This referencing style is used by various subjects of arts and humanitie
• A number to each reference is given in the superscript without any parenthesis.
• Numbers to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
• The reference  of  the  source  is  provided  in  the  footnote  preceded  by  the  numeric  digit  mentioned in your text followed by a full stop (.)
• There may exist a variation in the amount of information in each footnote.
• When the source is cited for the first time, complete information of it is to be mentioned

1. <author’s first  name>  <author’s  last  name>,  <title>  (<place  of  publication>:

<publisher>, <year>), <page nos.>.

• If you cite the same source again in your document use a new number for it that comes in the
• If the same source is cited for the second or more time, the foot note appears like this:

2. <author’s last name>, <title>, <pg. nos.>.

• In the subsequent  footnote  the  title  may  also  be reduced if it carries more than 5 words. For example the  title  ‘The Order of  the Hospital of    John of Jerusalem’  may be reduced  this way: ‘The Order, of Jerusalem’; notify in the shortened version of the title, a comma is to be put in place of the left words.
• If the  two  or  more  footnotes  following  each  other  are  exactly  identical  except  the  page numbers the word “Ibid” may be used instead of the reduced information.

Ibid, <page nos.>

(Note: Ibid. is the abbreviation of “Ibidem” which means “in the same place”)

• If you want  to  mention  sources  that  have  been utilized  in the hunt of knowledge but are not cited in  your document,  they can  be mentioned  under the  heading of  “Bibliography” on  a separate page.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented,
• No entry is followed by the numeric digit used for it in the text.
• The list is arranged in an alphabetical order with reference to the first word mentioned in the reference.
• If a title or a corporate author has been used instead of author’s name, the reference is listed under the first important word and not under A, An or The.

6. ACS (American Chemical Society)

ACS  Referencing  style  is  a  product  of  American  Chemical  Society  (ACS)  which  is published in the form of ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information of which the latest edition is the 3rd which has come forth in 2006.

Important Features:

• It allows the use  of both the system  of  referencing i.e. the parenthetical  system, and the note system.
• Using parenthetical system  a brief  in-text reference  containing  the  name  of author  and year of publication is given in round brackets.
• Using note system, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit.
• This referencing style is commonly used for Chemistry.
•  author is used; author’s name and year of publication are separated by a comma (,). For example: (Ghaznavi, 2003)

• It is also allowed to write the author’s name out  of the    For  example: Ghaznavi (2003) observes ………..
• If a  source  carries  two  authors  separate  the surnames  of  the two  authors  by “and”.  For example: (Ghaznavi and Alvi, 2003)
• If a source carries three or more authors  write only  the surname  of  first author  followed by “et al.”. For example: (Ghaznavi et al., 2003)
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• Author’s names are  written  the  way: first  the surname  is  written  followed  by a  comma and  then  the  initials  of  the  first  names  each  of  which  is  followed  by  a  full    For example: Ghaznavi, K., Alvi, M. H.  If a source carries more than one author write the names of all the authors each separated from one another by a semi colon (;). For example: Ghaznavi, K.; Alvi, M. H; Siddiqui, D.; Zaidi, R.
• In case  of  multiple  authors,  list  the  author  names  in  the  same  sequence  as  they  are presented in the source.
• List up  to  10  authors;  if  there  are  more  than  10  authors  write  the  names  of  first  10 followed by a semi colon (;) and “et al.”. for example: …………..; Zaidi, R.; et al.
• Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
• Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in single quotation.
• For publications other  than ACS  Journals,  all  the  major words  of  all kinds  of  titles  are capitalized;  ACS  Journals  recommend  following  the  capitalization  presented  in  the source
• If there is reference to a single page an abbreviation “p” is used, and if there are multiple pages “pp” is used.
• Range of pages is presented this way: 11-14, 21-28; there is no spacing before or after the hyphen.
• The information of pagination may also be indicated by ‘f’ or ‘ff’ notation which means “and the following pages”.
• For reference of a book, various bits of information are ordered as follows:

oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article or chapter oTitle of source. oEdition. oName of publisher. oPlace of publication. oYear of publication. oPage numbers

For reference of a periodical, various bits of information are ordered as follows:oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article. oAbbreviated title of Periodical. oYear of publication. oVolume number (issue number). oPage numbers

7. AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)

AGLC  (Australian  Guide  to  Legal  Citation)  Referencing  Style  is  a  product  of  Melbourne University Law Review association which is published in the form of Australian Guide to Legal Citation.The guide was first published in 1998.

The second edition  of the guide  was  published in 2002  while the third  came  forward in 2010 as result of collaborative meeting of Melbourne University Law Review association and the Melbourne Journal of International Law.

Important Features:

• It uses the note system of referencing.
• In-text citation is done with a numeric digit then the reference is provided in the form of footnote at the end of each page.
• It is used in the subject of Law
• A number  to  each  reference  is  given  in  the  superscript  without  any  parenthesis  which  is positioned  after  the  relevant  punctuation  mark  such  as  full  stop,  comma    Whatever information is provided.
• Numbers to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
• If you cite the same source again in your document designate it a new number.
• If you have supported your argument by more than one source, all the sources are cited with only one numeric digit
• Name of the author is written the same way as it is i.e. first name first and surname last.
• If there are more than three authors, name of only first author is written followed by et al.

8. AMA (American Medical Association)

AMA  (American  Medical  Association)  Referencing  style  is  published  in  the  form  of American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors  which is a product of American Medical Association.

Important Features:

• The first edition of the manual came forth in 1962.
• With the  passage  of  time  it  kept  on  having  revisions;  so  far  10  editions  have  been published.
• The latest edition came to the publication in 2007 by Oxford University Press.
• The authors of the manual are the editors of Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the Archives journals
• It uses the note system of referencing.
• Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page.
• This citation style is used in the fields of medicine and science.
• A number to each reference is  given in  the superscript  without any parenthesis which is positioned right after the relevant punctuation mark such as full stop, comma etc.
• Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
• If you cite the same source  again in your document  use  the same number that  you  have used previously for the source in your work.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list, placed on the left margin and in bold font.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• The list is arranged in the same order as the references appear in your work.
• Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text

8. Richard BR…………
9. Adam L……………..

• Name of  author  is  written  this  way:  surname is  written  first followed  by  the  initials  of first names; no full stop is put after the initials.

Richard BR

• For a source having 1 to 6 authors write the name of all the authors.
• If there  are  more  than  6  authors  of  a  source  write  only  the  names  of  first  3  authors followed by “et al”.
• Names of authors are separated by a comma.
• The titles of periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers) are written in abbreviated form.
• In case of absence of author, the reference starts with the title of the source.
• Titles of a bigger source such as a book or journal are italicized.
• Titles which are a part of a bigger work such as a chapter of a book, article in a journal or news paper are neither italicized nor enclosed in any quotation marks.
• For titles of books, book chapters, journal  articles or  newspaper articles  capitalization is done only for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
• For titles of journals capitalization is done for all the significant words. Various bits of information are ordered as follows:

oAuthor’s name.

oTitle of article or chapter

oTitle of source.

oPlace of publication. (for non-periodicals only)

oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)

oYear of publication.

oEdition  (for  non-periodicals  only)  or  volume  number  and  issue  number    (for periodicals only).

oPage numbers

oURL or DOI

9. CSE/CBE (Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors)

The  CSE  (Council  of  Science  Editors)  Referencing  style  is  published  in  the  form  of Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers which is a product of the Council of Science Editors. The  CSE  (Council  of  Science  Editors)  began  its  journey  as  Conference  of  Biology Editors in 1957 which was meant at the subject of biology.

Funded  by  National  Science  Foundation  and  organized  by  American  Institute  of  Biological  Sciences,  the  Conference  eight  years  later  in  1965  incorporated  other disciplines in it and turned to Council of Biology Editors (CBE). Later  in  2000,  the  name  turned  to  Council  of  Science  Editors  reflecting  its  vast  scope towards various disciplines of science.The  CBE  published  its first  referencing  manual  in  1960  with  name: Style  Manual  for Biology Journals.

With the  passage  of time,  the manual  kept  on having  revisions and  reached  its modern face  with name  of  Scientific  Style  and  Format:  The  CSE  Manual  for  Authors,  Editors, and Publishers of which eighth edition has been published in 2014.

Important Features:

• It allows the use  of both the system  of  referencing i.e. the parenthetical  system, and the note system.
• Using parenthetical system  a brief  in-text reference  containing  the  name  of author  and year of publication is given in round brackets.
• Using note system, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit.
• There are two methods of assigning a number to each reference:

oA  number  first  assigned  to each  reference  with  respect  to  its  appearance  in  the document  and  then  listing  up  the  detailed  references  accordingly;  it  is  called  as “Citation Sequence” method.

oDetailed references are listed first alphabetically  with respect to the first author’s surname then a number to each entry is assigned which is finally mentioned in the text as a superscript number; it is called as “Citation-Name” method.

• It is used in  the  fields of mathematics,  statistics, biological  sciences, chemistry,  physics,genetics, and astronomy.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ or ‘Cited References’ is given to the list, placed in center and in bold font.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• The name  of  an  author  is  written  in  a  way:  last  name  is  written  first  and  afterwards initials of the  first name/s are  written; no full  stop  is put  after  the initials. For  example: Khalid Ghaznavi is written as Ghaznavi K, Mohsin Hasan Alvi is written as Alvi MH.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• Author’s name and the year are separated by a full-stop.
• If a source is written by more than one author, write the names of all the authors up to 10; if the number of authors is above 10 write the names of first 10 followed by ‘et al.
• In case of multiple  authors,  their  names  are separated  from each  other by  a comma  (,). For example: Ghaznavi K, Alvi MH, Siddiqui D, ………..
• If more than one sources have the same first author but the later authors are different, the references are listed first  by the  first author’s  name then  arranged alphabetically  by the subsequent author/s name.
• If you have used the sources of the same author/s with different years of publication, the references are alphabetically listed first by the first author’s name then chronologically by publication year.
• If there are sources of the same author/s with the same year of publication, the references are listed first by the first author’s name then by the small letters put after the year
• For titles of books, book chapters, journal  articles or  newspaper articles  capitalization is done only for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
• For titles of journals capitalization is done for all the significant words.
• No title is italicized or enclosed in quotation mark.
• Titles of journals are used in abbreviated form.
• In case of corporate  author,  the name  of corporate  body  is written  completely preceded by  its  abbreviation  enclosed  in  square    For  example:  [APWA]  All  Pakistan Women Association; the reference comes in the list with respect to the first word of the corporate body not according to the abbreviation.
• If place of publication is not known, in place of it write ‘[place unknown]’
• Page number  is  required  to  mention  only  when  a part  of  work  (such  as  article  from  a journal or  newspaper, a  chapter from  an  edited book  ) is  used; if  the whole  work  is considered here is no need to mention the page number.
• For reference to both a single page and a range of pages an abbreviation ‘p.’ is used.
• The references  of  the  two  systems  differ  in  the  use  of  punctuation  and  order  of information.
• Using parenthetical system, the list is arranged  in an alphabetical  order  with reference to the  first  author’s  surname  or  the  first  significant  word  of the title (if the reference has begun with it in case of the absence of author’s name).
• In parenthetical citation system, various bits of information are ordered as follows:

oAuthor’s name.

oYear of publication.

oTitle of article or chapter

oTitle of source.

oEdition  (for  non-periodicals  only)  or  volume  number  and  issue  number.  (for periodicals only)

Place of publication. (for non-periodicals only)

oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)

oPage numbers

oURL or DOI

• Using Note System of referencing, each reference begins  with  a numeric  digit followed cby full stop and space.

<Numeric digit>. <Reference>

• In this citation method, various bits of information are ordered as follows:

oAuthor’s name.

oTitle of article or chapter

oTitle of source.

oEdition  (for  non-periodicals  only)  or  volume  number  and  issue  number  (for periodicals).

oPlace of publication (for non-periodicals only).

oName of publisher (for non-periodicals only).

oYear of publication.

oPage numbers

oURL or DOI

• Using Citation sequence method, the list is arranged with respect to the first appearance of source in your document.
• Using Citation Name method, the list is arranged with respect to the author’s name of the source

10. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE  (Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics  Engineers)  Referencing  style  is  an extensively acknowledged format of citation in technical fields.It is published in the form of IEEE Style Manual.

Important Features: 

• It uses the note system of referencing.
• Using this style, in-text citation is done with a numeric digit and then detailed references are provided at the end of the document on a separate page
• This citation  style  is  used  in  the  fields  of  engineering  of  electric,  electronics,  and information technology and computer science.
• A number to each reference is given in square brackets without being in superscript.
• The number is  positioned  either  within  the sentence  or  before  the  relevant punctuation mark such as full stop, comma etc.
• Space of a single letter precedes the opening square bracket.
• Number to each source is given in the sequence as it appears in your document.
• If you cite the  same source  again in your document  use  the same number that  you  have used previously for the source in your work.
• If you have supported your argument by more than one source, you need to mention each in your in-text citation in the form of numeric digit each enclosed in square brackets and separated by a comma (,).
• Use the abbreviation ‘p.’ for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages, ‘Sec.’ for a section, and ‘Ch.’ for a chapter.
• Detailed references are listed on a separate page at the end of the document.
• The title ‘References’ is given to the list, can be either placed on the left margin or in the center with bold font at the top of the page.
• Only those sources are to be listed that has been cited in your work.
• Each reference ends up with a full stop (.).
• The list  is  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  the  references  appear  in  your  work  (not  in alphabetical order).
• Each reference carries hanging indent i.e. the first line of each reference is flushed to the left margin, remaining lines are indented.
• Each entry is preceded by the numeric digit used for it in the text.The number is enclosed in square brackets

[8] B. R. Richard …………

[9] L. Adam……………..

• Name of  author  is  written  this  way:  first  the  initials  of  first  names  are  written,  each followed by a period; then the surname is written completely. B. R. Richard
• The title of an article is enclosed in double quotation marks.
• The title of a book or Journal is written with italic letters.
• In titles of articles or chapters capitalization is only done for first letter of the first word and proper nouns.
• In titles of books and journals all the major words are capitalized.
• Various bits of information are ordered as follows:

oAuthor’s name. oTitle of article or chapter oTitle of source. oEdition  (for  non-periodicals  only)  or  volume  number  and  issue  number  (for periodicals). oPlace of publication. (for non-periodicals only) oName of publisher. (for non-periodicals only)oYear of publication. oPage numbersoURL or DOI.

• While referencing a journal article, page numbers come before the year of publication.

The system  used by  various types  of referencing  styles can  broadly be  categorized into two types: documentary-note system, and parenthetical system.

i.Documentary-note  system  refers  to  the  use  of  chronological  numbers  as  in-text markers to either footnotes or endnotes or both; footnotes are included  at the end of  each  page,  and  endnotes  are  listed  on  a  separate  page  at  the  end  of  the document; in text citation is done with a numeric digit usually placed after the full stop; detailed references in endnotes or reference list may or may not be indicated by numeric digit depending on the particular referencing style.

ii.Parenthetical system refers to the use of brief author and date (or page number as in MLA  format) description  as  in-text citation  surrounded by  parenthesis (round brackets) and then the detailed reference is provided as a separate list at the end of the document.