Theories of Group Formation Propinquity Theory The term propinquity means nearness. The theory states that individuals affiliate with one another because of spatial or geographical proximity. Thus in organizational context, individuals working together tend to form a group with others more easily as compared to with individuals working relatively at a distant place....

Group Cohesiveness Group cohesiveness means the degree of attachment of the members or their groups. If group cohesion is high,the interaction between members of the group is high and the degree of agreement in group opinion. Members of a cohesive group tend to have the following characteristics: They have collective identity They share the group goals and norms...

ILO The International Labour Organisation (ILO), was established on April 19,1919 by Versailles Peace Conference as an autonomous body associated with the League of Nations. It was born as a result of the peace conference at the end of World War I at Versailles. India became member of ILO in 1919 as an original signatory to the treaty of peace. The unique feature...

Code of discipline In India, the problem of industrial discipline was debated by the Indian Labour Conference held in 1957. The Conference noted the alarming record of breach of discipline by employers and employees. A sub-committee was appointed to draft a model Code of Discipline which would be acceptable to all. A Code of Discipline drafted by the sub-committee...

Worker’s Participation in Management Meaning The concept of Worker’s Participation in Management is considered as a mechanism where workers have a say in the decision making process of an enterprise. This term is interpreted in many ways by various parties to industrial relations, namely workers, management and government. Managers generally interpret it merely...

Methods and Machinery for the settlement of Industrial disputes Lasting industrial peace requires that the causes of industrial disputes should be eliminated. In other words, preventive steps should be taken so that industrial disputes do not occur. But if preventive machinery fails, then the industrial dispute settlement machinery should be activated by the government...

Approaches to Industrial Relations Ever since the Industrial Revolution various lines of thought concerning industrial relations have developed. People belonging to different walks of life have tried to explain industrial conflict in their own ways. The Industrial relations has been viewed from the various angles which may range from the economic and social, political...

Types of Strikes   Strike is a very powerful weapon used by a trade union to get its demands accepted. It means quitting work by a group of workers for the purpose of bringing pressure on their employer to accept their demands. According to Industrial Dispute act, 1947 Strike means a cessation of work by a body of persons employed in any industry acting in combination,...

Evaluation of Training Programme The last stage in the training and development process is the evaluation of training. Since huge sums of money are spent on training and development, how far the programme has been useful must be judged. According to Hamblin Evaluating training is any attempt to obtain information(feedback) on the effects of a training programme and...

Quality of work life Meaning Quality of work life denotes all the organizational inputs which aim at the employee’s satisfaction and enhancing organizational effectiveness. QWL refers to the favorableness or unfavorableness of a total job environment of the people. The basic purpose is to develop jobs and working conditions that are excellent for people as...